INDONESIA AT A PERIOD OF COLONIALISM

1. Why Bangsa Europe interests with Indonesia?

There are some factor that push nation Europe new world searching, entered be next Indonesia draw fires nation struggling Europe, for example:

a. The need for of nation mace Europe that sebelumya disuplay by islam merchants, nevertheless consequence growing of crusade causes commercial relation is referred [as] broken, until push nation Europe to find direct source/mace producer is referred [as]

b. European Bravery to conduct ocean exploration is pushed by opinion that state that that earth circular. Expedition also bent on to prove theory [the] truth is referred [as]. Expedition to expedition, with pioneered by Portugis and Spain, growing prove that terori are referred [as] truely correct, until then more and more merchant that not as yet common to conduct sea transport to east world.

c. Story/journal journey Marcopollo that explain that east world is region that very rekomended for visited because rich in natural resources, especially mace. This condition growing pushes merchantmen Europe to explore e east world.

d. Existence of Amanat Agung to inform Bible. Merchantmen Europe besides perform economics activity: trade also also bring duty to inform Bible

2. How effort the Netherlands (VOC) inculcate its influence in Indonesia?

Expedition the Netherlands to Indonesia marked by succeed its merchant fleet the Netherlands that land in Banten. This Successfullness then followed by other merchants, until more and more merchant the Netherlands that conduct commerce activity in Indonesia. To prevent the happening of competition between merchant humanity the Netherlands, later, dibentuknlah VOC in 1602 that provided with various of special rightses, like:

a. Armed forces form

b. Have currency

c. Make an agreement with local empires

d. Found fortress

With various of privileges its referred [as] VOC try to inculcate its influence in Nusantara (because initially name untapped Indonesia). VOC tries memonopoli every kativitas commerce in nusantara. All local powers are forced to confess that VOC lah the only one trading business that may operate in Nusantara, and all local merchants are forced only braid commercial relation with VOC.

In its effort inculcate this influence, usually VOC always uses approach:

a. Offer relation/link that in character monopolies

b. Force will;desire with strength. VOC haves war fleet by it self, until every local power that opposed always fought. To win the day VOC always exploits “service” insider. VOC always exploits conflict in palace, with certain reward. As in Banten, Mataram, Makassar. After party that helped won conflict VOC always asks strategic area for founded fortress. Until in process of time almost all seaboards nusantara are controlled by VOC

c. Found fortress. In this case double-duty, that is to observe commercial activity and also to narrow local men in power motion.

Until to the last 18th-century can be all regions nusantara under influence VOC. Growing influence broadness VOC that obtained/got with peprangan make condition VOC becomes brittle. Be next cause VOC are disbanded. Its cause for example:

a. Growing broadness of power region VOC makes ability VOC to control its region weak manjadi, until much merchants that not only trade with VOC but also with EIC (its co-partnership UK, that also is rival VOC)

b. Expense that released to defray war to get region in very high Nusantara until cause cash VOC experiences of bankruptcy

c. Corruption among functionary VOC makes its cash growing empty

On 31 Decembers 1799 VOCs are officially disbanded and control to the nusantara region taken over by government the Netherlands and assign government functionary the Netherlands setingkat Governor general.

3. How influence Revolusi french to Indonesia?

Along with the of VOC, The Netherlands by it self indirectly under power of consequence french Perang Koalisi in Europe. This Condition causes various of policies its in Indonesia directed towards maintain Indonesia from threat UK, for example at a period of power Daendles, that is focus its strength in area that is main source economics belanda. Program that dicanagkan by Daendles is:

a. Make highway Anyer-Panarukan. This Street is built to water down team mobility to maintain jawa from attack UK, besides to water down natural resources exploitation in Java.

b. Conduct delivery [is] obliged to. Resident is obliged tax payee that have the shape of land product, especially saleable commodity in the market Europe, like copy, sugar.

In 1811, finally the Netherlands must delivers its lega to UK. UK assigns Thomas Stamford Raffles to manage Indonesia. At a period of power UK, there are some renewal conducted, for example:

a. Abolish delivery system is [is] obliged to changed by tax payee with money.

b. Land/ground is considered as empire property, until resident must rents/tax payee

c. Conduct bureaucracy restructuring

Policy this Raffles fail to properly because in general the Netherlands never defins money system

4. Bagaiman growth of colonial government in Indonesia after 1816?

With Konvensi London make Indonesia returns delivered to the Netherlands. After power era UK, Government Kolonial hindia the Netherlands applies various of policies for example:

a. System Tanam Paksa

Plant force applied to fill blankness of colonial government cash because of endless war face resistance in Indonesia and also central government debt (The Netherlands) after secede from Spain.

Government the Netherlands obliges farmer to plant dipasaran Europe saleable plants. With the Netherlands this system in pocket very big, even more than its debt payee, whereas for indonesian nation is very harmed because farmer only plants plants [is] obliged to and have no opportunity plants consumption plants by it self. As a consequence is appearance of hunger disaster.

b. Open door System

In the Netherlands by it self system implementation plants force get much criticisms, for example from liberals that feel have rights to follow try in shadow-land. Answer to this criticism colonial government gives opportunity to entrepreneurs the Netherlands to inculcate its capital in Indonesia especially in plantations, either on Java or Sumatera. Effect of this system, more and more resident Indonesia that tend to work become labour in plantation, until emerge new society class that is labour.

c. Politics Etis

System implementation plants force and private sector effort is assessed by humanist clan in the Netherlands has gave very big advantage for the Netherlands, until appropriately if the Netherlands releases a policy to improve degree of resident prosperity Indonesia. One of figure are referred [as] is Van deVventer. He/she proposes existence of a be next program of resident prosperity improvement is recognized with Trias Van de Venter, that is: education, irrigation, and transmigration. Education are meant give education to indonesian nation, though that enjoy it just part of small society, that is noblesse and bureaucrat. The Netherlands by it self haves importance denga this education program, that is create skilled administrative personnel for employed in government institutions with low fee. Irrigation is program of irrigation mediums development to irrigate agriculture land/grounds, though finally that enjoying is entrepreneurs plantation. Whereas slated for urbanization fulfills kebutuha labour in plantation area especially in Sumatera.

5. How enter and growing of new isms in Indonesia?

One of effect of the of ethical politics especially education is makes some of society Indonesia become literate. Ability reads this make new society group in society this Indonesia “Intellegentsia” especially from nationalist group feel that ably that they have theirs can fight for improvement of nation degree. by read various of references their menyerap various of new isms like: nationalism, democracy, liberalism, socialism

Differ from opportunism group, that is society group that only employ at various of institutions just for its self-interest by it self.

6. How dependability/new isms influence to nationalism growth in Indonesia?

With knowledge and an understating of various of ismes/ism awakes group of intellectual group that nationalist that to improve its nation degree must berupana to secede from colonization shackle. This intellectual Group pioneers appearance conscious thought to its nation spirit that is being colonized. Pulalah this Awareness be next instruct appearance spirit [of] nationalism among indonesian nation.

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